疼痛: Pain, Ache, Sore.
Ache: 直接源自古英语的acan,意为受苦。指人体某一器官较持久的疼痛,常常是隐痛。
Pain: 可与ache换用,但pain的使用更广泛,既可指一般疼痛,也可指剧痛,疼痛范围可以是局部或全身,时间可长可短。也可引申指精神上的痛苦。
Sore: 指身体某部位的痛处,有是也指精神上的痛苦。
有些疼痛的描述是比较固定,如头痛:head ache; 咽喉痛:sore throat.
而且,在我所接触到的图书与文献中,并没有遇到这些词的复合形式,如咽喉痛(sore throat)并不可写成:sorothroat,或throatosore.
曾经有西人同学使用back sore来描述背痛。具体有什么差别,我并不明白。管它呢,记住除了头痛、咽喉痛外,叫不准时,使用Pain就可以了。
见医生时,如何描述疼痛是很重要的。这里,给出医生常问的问题,看了这些问题,就知道该如何描述疼痛了,并可知道医生问什么了。这些问题,直接引自一本英文“诊断教科书”(括号部分为我加入的注释)。
Where is the pain?
Did the pain start suddenly or gradually?
Is it more severe now than when it started?
Have you ever had a pain like this before? (如果患者回答为“是”,则医生会接着问) What did you do to relieve the pain? Did you take medication (有时会使用Drug或Agent)to relieve the pain? What medicine did you take?
How would you describe the pain? 如果患者的回答不准确,医生会给出提示性的问题。这些问题很重要,因为涉及到对疼痛的描述。
Would you describe the pain as aching? Throbbing? Knifelike? Sharp? Constricting? Sticking? Burning? Dull? Shooting? Tearing?
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Aching: 隐痛(这个翻译我并不能肯定)。
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Throbbing: 波动性痛,或跳动性痛。这样痛主要是由于血管随心脏收缩所致血液充盈引起,并跳动的频率与心率相同或相近。
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Knifelike: 刀割样痛。
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Sharp: 锐痛,刺痛。
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Constricting: 压迫样痛。
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Sticking: 持续性痛,或粘附样痛。不确定。
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Burning:烧灼样痛。
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Dull:钝痛,闷胀感的痛。
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Shooting: 枪伤性痛。
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Tearing: 撕裂样痛。
How long have you had the pain?
Do you have recurrent episodes of pain? How often do you get the pain? How long does the pain last?
What makes the pain worse? Breathing? Lying flat? Moving your part of your body?
Does the pain occur at rest? Exercise? While sleeping? With stress? After eating?
What do you do to make it better?